The state rule, the city rule, and the one that follows your debtor

Potentially, but through agency law rather than the FDCPA. Federal telecom regulators have said a seller may be held vicariously liable under common-law agency principles for calls placed on its behalf, and 23 states extend their own collection statutes to original creditors as well as third-party agencies. The practical answer is to ask how an agency contacts debtors and to verify its licensing before placing accounts.

It depends on the state - 31 jurisdictions require a licence or registration, Texas requires only a $10,000 bond filed with the Secretary of State, and the rest require neither. The rule that surprises creditors is that several states look at where the debtor is located, so a multi-state ledger can require an agency licensed in states you never thought about.

No. The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act defines 'debt' as an obligation of a consumer arising out of a transaction primarily for personal, family or household purposes - business-to-business obligations fall outside the statute entirely. That does not mean B2B collection is unregulated: state collection statutes, phone-consent rules, contract terms and ordinary law still apply.

Statutes of limitation are state law and commonly run 3-6 years for commercial obligations, varying by whether the debt rests on a written contract, an open account or an oral agreement. In many states a partial payment or written acknowledgement can restart the clock - which is worth knowing before agreeing to a payment plan on a very old balance.

Commercial collection is normally contingency-based - a share of what is actually recovered, commonly 10-40%. Account age drives the rate more than balance size: fresh accounts under 90 days commonly run 10-25%, 90-180 days 15-30%, 180 days to a year 20-35%, and over a year 25-40%. Some agencies also offer fixed-fee early-stage demands at roughly 15-20 dollars per account.